Super Size Me: The Book Conservation Variety, Part 2

In Part 1 of this series, we introduced a project to conserve The Royal Commentaries of Peru (RCP), a large leather volume. The book had to be disbound and required extensive mending prior to resewing the textblock. Please click HERE to read Part 1 of the series.

The book was sewn on cords, including new endsheets yet
to be trimmed. The spine will be consolidated with paste
and rounded to allow it to open properly.

In Part 2, we will review sewing the endbands, board preparation (getting the cover boards ready to attach to the textblock), lacing the covers on, and lining the spine of the book in preparation for covering the book in leather.

Once the textblock leaves (single sheets) were guarded back into folios (two leaves mended together at the spine edge), and seated one inside the other to create two folio signatures (a gathering of several printed folios seated one inside the other), they were sewn together on cords. Next, the endbands needed to be sewn.

The original endbands were no longer attached when this book arrived in Preservation Services, so an endband style appropriate to the time period of the original printing of the book was selected.

Endband sewing in progress. The thread wraps
around the cord core and overlaps itself to
create the bead indicated by the red arrow.

A single-color primary endband (an endband that is tied down through the sections of the book to anchor it) sewn on a core of consolidated linen cord with a bead on the edge was selected. The term bead refers to the visible braid or twist of thread that sits between the textblock and the endband itself as indicated by the red arrow in the photograph of the endband sewing in progress.

The endbands are not integral in connecting the textblock pages together, but they can add additional strength and stability. There are many styles of endbands and many are much more decorative than this design, though it was selected in an effort to more accurately reflect endbands of the time period.

The endband after the book has been covered in leather.

With the endbands sewn, a series of linings were applied to the spine of the book. Each lining may serve multiple functions, but each will assist in consolidating the pages together at the spine edge and providing support as the book is opened and closed. Linings that are too thin may allow the book to flop open too easily. Linings that are too thick can restrict the book from opening fully. In this treatment, three spine linings were applied. First, a release layer of Japanese tissue and rice starch paste was applied to consolidate the spine as well as provide a reversible layer for the rest of the spine linings to be removed from the spine should a future conservation treatment be necessary. Paste can be remoistened to loosen the first layer as opposed to applying a more permanent adhesive like PVA mentioned in Part 1 of this series of posts.

Left: Before release lining is applied. Right: After release
lining of Japanese paper and rice starch paste is applied.

Second, an extension lining of Irish Linen fabric is attached to the spine and molded around the cords. Irish linen is used because it remains quite flexible and malleable once pasted, can be smoothed easily to dry without ridges, and it contains less acidic impurities that would cause it to break down over time. This lining is called an extension lining because there are flaps of fabric that extend onto the textblock beyond the width of the spine. Those extensions will eventually provide extra strength for the hinges as the book is opened and closed. If you look at the photographs closely, you will see that the linings extend just to the edge of the endbands at the head and tail. This creates another support attachment for the endbands.

The third and final spine lining prior to covering in leather was a layer of thin leather pasted hair side toward the spine (the smooth side rather than the suede-like side is pasted down). The leather, once dry, can be sanded to disguise ridges on the spine. If you look closely in the photograph, you will see ridges on the spine that have not yet been sanded away. Likewise the leather is darker in the center because it was still wet with paste.

Left: Irish linen extension lining is being applied. Right: thin layer of leather applied, which will be trimmed to the
height of the book and sanded to create a smooth spine once it is dry. The darker area is where it is still wet.

The next step after spine linings and sanding was to prepare the cover boards. Unfortunately, most of the steps of board preparation were not documented in photographs. For those with some bookbinding knowledge, two thicknesses of .80 board were laminated to achieve a board thickness appropriate for the textblock. The interior of the boards were lined with text weight paper to counteract the pull of the leather to be attached on the outside. When the leather is moistened with paste during covering, it will shrink as it dries, which has a tendency to cause the boards to flare outward rather than bending slightly inward to "cup" the textblock. This inner lining of paper helps to counteract the pull of the shrinking leather.

Left: Punching holes to lace cords through, pencil lines roughly indicate where channels will be carved,
red arrow indicates back cornering (trimming board to accommodate the thickness of leather in the hinge
as it opens). Right: Fraying the cords in preparation to lace through the boards. The tips
will be pasted into points to make it easier to thread through the holes.

Once laminated and lined, the boards undergo further refinement. The outer head, tail, and fore edges of the boards are sanded to create more of a gentle slope from the center portion of the board to the edges (imagine a more subtle version of a pillow form). Likewise, the boards are placed in position and marked according to the location of the cords extending from the textblock. Holes are drilled along with some small channels from the holes to the edge of the board. In the photograph of punching holes into the boards, the pencil lines roughly indicate where the channels will be carved. These channels will accommodate the cords once they are laced through the covers.

View of the inside cover once the cords have been
laced through, but not yet trimmed and pasted flat.

The cords are first frayed before lacing through the cover boards. The fraying allows the binder to flatten the cords into the channels as well as to the lay the ends flat on the inside of the boards so that there are no lumps under the leather on the outside or the endsheets on the inside. Once the cords are frayed, a bit of paste is applied to the ends and dried to shape them into points that can be threaded through the drilled holes. The photograph to the right shows the cords on the inside of the cover board before the pasted points have been trimmed off. The shorter tips extending from the boards are then repasted and smoothed flat to the boards, which results in securing the board as well as disguising the lump of cord. Endsheets will eventually cover the exposed, flattened cords.

There are many steps to preparing a book to be covered in leather. Those steps are referred to as "forwarding". Sometimes, the leather covering is also included in the term forwarding depending on which binder you ask. Please stay tuned for a post about that final step in the process.

In Super Size Me: The Book Conservation Variety, Part 3, our final post about this conservation treatment, we will review covering the book in leather, reapplying the original label, and blind tooling a panel on the front and back covers.

Super Size Me: The Book Conservation Variety, Part 1

In the coming weeks, we will be publishing a series of posts documenting the extensive treatment of one very large leather bound volume. Following is Part 1 of the series.

The Royal Commentaries of Peru, 1688, before treatment

The Royal Commentaries of Peru (RCP) by Garcilaso de la Vega (1539-1616), published in 1688, is a large volume covering some of the history of the Incas, including their government and laws and the Spanish invasion of their countries. The RCP landed in Preservation Services having already received multiple repairs and treatments over its lifetime, including a Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA, similar to common white glue) adhesive applied to parts of the leather cover, leather patches, and a strip of adhesive tape to mend the exterior hinge.

Before treatment, the textblock was split and
the book had received multiple repairs

Likewise, the book showed signs of extensive use, such as well worn foreedge corners, scratched and worn leather, and broken hinges. The textblock sewing was broken in places and the the textblock was in multiple sections. The binding was a tight back leather binding, so the leather rested against the spine edge of the text with minimal spine linings between the leather and paper.

Due to the PVA adhesive applied to the spine, the first section of the book was restricted from properly opening. Adding insult to injury, the book was originally printed and bound with the paper grain running perpendicular rather than parallel to the spine. As mentioned in an earlier blog post, the grain direction of the paper can affect how well the book opens and whether the pages drape or lay flat for easy reading. There isn't much to be done about the paper grain direction once a book is printed and bound, but there are a few techniques to lessen the impact and improve the function of the book.

PVA adhesive applied to the spine restricted the opening of the pages

A leather patch and PVA adhesive had been
applied during previous repairs

We do our best to conduct the least invasive conservation treatment that will stabilize a book and improve its function. Our goal is to maintain as much of the original item and experience as possible. In the case of RCP, we decided the best path forward would be to remove it from its damaged binding, which had already received numerous treatments, some more effective than others. The leather was too brittle and some of the treatments were partially irreversible, so a new binding was the best way to proceed.

The first step in the process was removing the covers and cleaning the spine. The original leather label was carefully lifted by facing it with Japanese tissue and Klucel-G (a leather consolidant). Because the label was very brittle, the facing tissue provided the strength and stability needed to lift it from the spine.

Prior to cleaning the spine, the original leather label was lifted by
facing it with Japanese paper and Klucel-G, a leather consolidant

The spine was cleaned by mechanically removing easily friable layers, followed by the application of a poultice of rice starch paste to soften the old adhesive. Once the spine was cleaned, it was clear that previous repairs had disguised much of the damage to the spine edges of almost all the folios. Thus, an extensive guarding project was at hand. Guarding is the process of attaching two paper leaves at their spine edges with a strip of Japanese paper and starch paste. The folios can then be sewn through the fold to reconstruct the text block.

Left: Separate leaves waiting to be guarded
Right: Stacked sections of the textblock already mended and ready to sew

RCP is just over 1000 pages and almost every folio needed guarding. Needless to say, this phase of the project was time-consuming. But, slowly and over time, the stack of leaves became a stack of guarded folios.

Once the text block was fully mended, sewing commenced. In order to minimize the swell produced when thread is sewn through every section (a section is several folios seated one inside the other), the book was sewn in a pattern called "two on". Just as it sounds, two sections are added at a time and the thread alternates from one section to the other so that half the amount of thread goes through any one section. This keeps the spine edge of the book from being disproportionately larger than the foreedge of the book.

A sewing frame was used to support the cords while the sections are sewn together along the length of the spine

The book was sewn on cords. For a particularly large book such as this (roughly 8.5"W x 13.5"H x 3"D), the cords provide extra strength and support as the book is handled. By guarding the folios and resewing the book, it has become much more functional for the reader as it flexes open more easily and is much stronger than before, not to mention it is in one piece again!


Stay tuned for Super Size Me: The Book Conservation Variety, Part 2 to follow the steps of sewing endbands, board preparation, and lacing the covers to the textblock.

Restoration of a Marbled Leather Binding

The Seasons contains a series of four poems written by British poet James Thomson (1700-1748). Thomson began the series with Winter, which was published in 1726. He published Summer and Spring in the two years following. The final poem in the series, Autumn, was published as part of the complete edition in 1730.

The Seasons by James Thomson, after treatment

This copy of The Seasons, held in the Martha Blakeney Hodges Special Collections and University Archives at UNCG, was published in 1837 by publisher Andrus, Judd, & Franklin of Hartford, Connecticut. It is a small binding of about 4 x 6 inches, which was easily held in the hand or tucked in the pocket of its owner. The book has a decorative leather binding known as marbled leather. The effect was created by pouring acidic solutions across the leather to create striated areas of color resembling marble. For more information about decorative leather binding terminology and techniques, click HERE.

We recently had the opportunity to treat this lovely little binding in Preservation Services. When we received it, the front board was attached only by its cords. The leather was split at the hinge on the front and back covers, a natural result of regular handling of an old, brittle leather binding. 

Both images are before treatment, on the right: the PVA-type adhesive
at the fore edge corner from a prior treatment

The fore edge corners and the hinges had previously been treated with a PVA-type adhesive (common examples of PVA adhesives are wood glue, white glue, or school glue), which created a clear, plastic-like coating that may have provided some protection but also may have contributed to further damage as the adhesive was stronger than the aging leather.

In process (L to R): mending the outer hinge with Japanese tissue, recreating a
missing endband, mending the endcap with Japanese tissue

Other than some water damage staining at the spine edge of the pages, the text block was in relatively good condition. A folio in the first section of pages was loose and the interior hinges at the front and back were split just as the leather was split on the outside of the hinges.

The split hinge at the front of the book allowed for access to the spine edge of the first section, so we were able to sew in the loose folio. The interior hinges were repaired with Japanese tissue and rice starch paste. The exterior hinges were repaired with brown Japanese paper and then further toned with watercolor to more closely resemble the original marbled leather. Once toned, the Japanese paper was sealed with a coating of Klucel-G/SC6000 which consolidates and serves as an added layer of protection as well as matches the sheen of the original leather.

After treatment: the outer hinge was mended and toned
to more closely resemble the original leather

This copy of The Seasons by James Thomson was returned to Special Collections and is now available to be shared with researchers and students interested in 18th century British poetry, blank verse poems, or perhaps marbled leather bindings.

Book Repair On A Budget: A Partnership With Guilford County Schools Library Media Services

Preservation Services Staff were pleased to conduct a series of workshops entitled “Book Repair on a Budget” for the Guilford County Schools (GCS) Media Specialists on January 31 and February 1, 2018. We partnered with Tammy Gruer, the GCS Director of Library Media Services, to design the workshops based on requests from Media Specialists for a hands-on training to aid in extending the life of their school library collections.

Suzanne Sawyer, UNCG Preservation Technician,
teaching GCS Media Specialists about book repair

With the understanding that the Media Specialists are working on a limited budget and with very full schedules, our goal was to focus on treatments that are relatively quick and easy to perform and that require materials already on hand or that can be acquired inexpensively.

Demonstrating a book spine repair

Corner repair

Media Specialists rotated between two sessions on common book repairs. One session covered paper mending and interior hinge repairs and the other addressed spine and cover repairs. 

Textblock in need of a consolidation repair

Demonstrating interior hinge repair

Ms. Gruer provided document cameras for each of our presentations which allowed us to project our demonstrations in process for each step of the treatments. 

Audrey Sage, UNCG Preservation Services Manager,
demonstrating a spine repair with the aid
of a document camera

The document cameras proved to be valuable tools as the Media Specialists had a much better view of the techniques and were able to more easily work along with us at their own work stations. 

GCS Media Specialists learning about
spine and cover repairs

In addition to the workshops, we created a Book Repair LibGuide as a repository for a variety of resources including the presentations we used in the workshops, online videos and manuals, and vendors for book repair supplies. 

Book Repair LibGuide created by Preservation Services

We are grateful to UNCG’s Special Collections & University Archives for providing financial support so that we could also offer a gift bag of sample book repair supplies and tools for the GCS Media Specialists.

It is our hope that GCS Media Specialists will be able to share the LibGuide with parent volunteers or older students that may be able to assist with some of the book repairs. 

We also plan to continue the partnership between our staff and GCS’s Library Media Services so that we might provide ongoing support for extending the life of school library book collections in our community.